Adil Najam’s post on judicial assertiveness the other day sheds light on a very interesting – and important – aspect of the current judicial crisis in Pakistan. What are the limits of Judicial activism or – to use Adil’s words – assertiveness?
This is not something new to the world – or even to Pakistan’s history. Every country that has attempted to establish rule of law and constitution has struggled with trying to find a balance between what can (and cannot) a judge do.
In America, where constitutionalism is much more advanced than in Pakistan, the debate has moved to a higher plane in the famous tussle between those who believe in strictly interpretting the constitution and those that only appear to do so. Each side claims that it is interpretting the constitution (or interpretting the original intent of the framers) and accuses the other of legislating from the bench.
We, in Pakistan, have been merely struggling with how to keep the rule of law and constitution alive in our country. Is it really the role of the judiciary to enforce a constitution? Can the judiciary do that even in the absence a popular sentiment towards the constitution? In a situation where an Army general takes over power in an illegal coup, abrogates the constitution and declares martial law, and nobody – but a few ‘professional’ politicians in a nation of 150 million – even makes a sound of protest, what does upholding the constitution really mean? Does that nation even have a constitution to begin with? or is it merely a paper, worthy of celebrating when it suits a few and disposing off when it does’nt?
The current crisis around the suspension of the Chief Justice has everything to do with how Pakistan’s rulers – and its people – view their constitution? One does not need to go too far back in time to find out that we’ve been through this before – several times, perhaps. In the famous Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan vs. The Federation of Pakistan case, the petitioner challenged the unconstitutional dissolution of Pakistan’s First Constituent Assembly by Governor General Ghulam Mohammad (photo to the right). The then Chief Justice of Pakistan, Justice Mohammad Munir gave a landmark verdict that changed the course of Pakistan’s History – perhaps forever.
Prior to his verdict and also subsequent to that, Justice Munir noted that the issue before the court was not merely a legal issue, it was in fact a political one. He suggested that such issues may be best resolved in the political sphere through negotiation and compromise. In saying so, Justice Munir was especially concerned about the inability of the Court to enforce a decision. The court, he noted, does not have any instrument of power to enforce its ruling if it decides to side with the petitioner (Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan). Indeed, the government – with all the instruments of power at its disposal – can easily ignore the court’s ruling thus putting the case back to where it belonged – in the domain of the people and their representatives. Of course, Justice Munir, knowing fully that an anti-government ruling would be entirely ignored, ultimately sided with the Government thus throwing the country into its worst constitutional crisis since its creation. The country has never forgiven him for doing so.
Photo to the left above is Pakistan’s old Supreme Court Building in Karachi. This is where hearings of famous Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan case took place.
Could this happen all over again? Could the Honourable Justices of the Supreme Court be engaging in a game of deception until they could unexpectedly (willingly or at a gun-point) rule in the favor of the Government? Alternatively, would Musharraf & Co. obey the dictates of the Court if the court decided, against their wishes, to reinstall the Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhary? It might be worth recalling here that the Governor General Ghulam Mohammad was willing to let the courts have their say as long as they ruled in his favor. He had also completed all preparations for imposing emergency in the country, had the courts ruled otherwise.
What would be the options available to the people of Pakistan – not the CJP, not the Justices, not the lawyers, and not the “professional” politicians – but you and me to force our rulers to revert to the rule of law and constitution?
Ultimately, it is a political battle that will have to be won not in the courts but in the hearts and minds of people who must assert that they prefer the rule of law and constitution over any other form of government, whether it is monarchy, mill-archy, or anarchy. Politics is just too important a calling to be left to judges, lawyers, and politicians alone. Unless the people firmly and forcefully assert their right to be governed, with their consent, by a constitutional government, the current politico-constitutional struggle will not be won. The stakes are definitely high – atleast for the Government since losing thisbattle could trigger a domino that could bring down, one after the other, every pillar of its illegitimate and unconstitutional rule. Are the stakes high enough for the People of Pakistan? We will find out in a few weeks – perhaps months – time.
Regardless of which way the pendulum swings, the current case in the Supreme Court is definitely amounts to a Constitutional Deja Vu all over again!
Athar Osama holds a PhD in Public Policy and is a amateur historian and an avid reader of Pakistan’s Political and Constitutional History. He is also the founder of the Understanding Pakistan Project. You can read more about Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan vs. Federation of Pakistan, and the shocking ruling by Justice Munir at Understanding Pakistan.
Athar: very interesting and informative insight into our judicial system and its past blunders and nation’s future concerns.
I am a firm believer in an independent and just judicial system and until that happens, people in Pakistan will suffer and they will suffer badly.
By the way, Justice Chaudhery Iftikhar Hussain was born and bred in Quetta and he was the chief justice of Balochistan High Court, but since the beginning of reference case against him we haven’t seen him visiting Quetta! I know originally he is a Punjabi but nonetheless he should pay a visit to his native city Quetta in order to gauge people’s response to the crisis he is facing with Musharaf’s reference, or is it because he has already weighed the reaction in Balochistan and foresees a less crowd on the streets of Quetta? Or still because he’s politically motivated and wants to get something, personally, out of this crisis because he as an ethnic Punjabi (the realities on the ground) can relate to the most powerful and populated Punjab province – the Paksitani establishment and the army are mainly run by the Punjabis.
Maulana Fazl ur Rehman said, “R we really fighting for the freedom of justice, or is it a fight to save a job of a judge.”
Justice Munir may not have been far wrong when he observed that the Court did not control any instrument of power with which to enforce its decision. It validity was in full display only last week when the current Supreme Court of Pakistan decreed that the authorities must ensure a meeting between the mediators and Abdul Rashid Ghazi of Lal Masjid. It did not happen and, so far, the Court has not held anyone in contempt. It would matter little if it did.
However, the apparent inference on Justice Munir’s part that, given its lack of enforcing authority, the Court might as well side with the Governer General is thought provoking as it is disgusting. I say thought provoking because it reflects on the way our (Pakistani) minds work; GG, presumably, had the power to dismiss the CJP as well, in case he didn’t behave, or so the CJP may have calculated. I guess putting one’s own interest before that of the nation is not the exclusive realm of our politicians only (who have recently taken a liking to PPP upon discerning the current direction of the wind).
Should one make a moral choice even if he/she knows that it won’t be politically and administratively, or in many cases socially, accepted? Or, should a smart person go for expediency instead? What the majority in a nation chooses, and acts upon, is – in my view at least – a major determinant of that nation’s destiny.
You are on the money, Athar, when you conclude that the ordinary Pakistani citizens will have to struggle themselves to assert their right to be governed morally (by law and justice). Do we have the character to claim that right, potentialy at the cost of persecution, even loss of our lives?
That is where we all have to do a lot of soul searching.
We have the 1973 Constitution which is Pakistan’s Fundamental Law. It is a gift of the most popular and elected person Mr. Z. A. Bhutto. He served as Chief Martial Law Administrator (1971-73), Prime Minister and President (1971-77) of Pakistan. This Constitution is so favourable to the ruling class that even the whole opposition also voted for it. The constitution was passed unanimously by the national assembly with a big Hurrah.
No body bothered to ask the people through refrendum their opinion. Perhaps they were considered too illiterate to understand the fine points contained in the constitution. It is not obvious that the people would have accepted this constitution where their right to decide for themselves is attributed to a religion.
So, why should people defend the Sanctity of this Constitution?
Athar,
Musharraf will most probably stymie an adverse decision, but in vain. The genie of an independent judiciary is out of the bottle, he simply can’t put it back, not even at gunpoint. Genies don’t fear guns and tanks:)
Another good article on this subject by Kawa:
http://free-pakistan.blogspot.com/2007/07/constitu tional-amendments-required-to.html